For word meanings and explanatory discussion in English click on the tabs marked “Roman” or “Notes”.
mona-elizabeth kurian
لِسانی ثقافتِ کیرلا ۔ الزبت کُرین موناؔ
۱
تہذیب و ثقافت کا گہوارا ہے زبان
بھائی چارگی اور میل ملاپ کا ہے وسیلہ
دل و دماغ کو وسعت بخشتی ہے زبان
ہندوستان جیسے وفاقی ملک میں
جہاں ریاستیں لسانی بنیاد پر بنی ہیں
اتہاد و اتفاق پیدا کرنے میں
اہم کردار ادا کر تی ہے زبان
۲
کتنی زبانیں گونجتی آئیں کیرلا کی فضاوں میں
ماضی سے حال تک ہے ان کی تعداد بڑی
رشتہ گہرا ہوتا ہے زبان اور تاریخ کا
بڑا اثر ہے اقتدار کا عوام کی زبان پر
اہم کردار ادا کرتی ہے جغرافیہ بھی
پڑوسی زبانوں سے کچھ لین دین جو ہوتے
اور دوسرے ملکوں سے تجارت جو ہوتی
آئیے جانتے ہیں، ملیالم زباں پر
اُن سب کا ہوا ہے کتنا اثر
۳
ملیالم۔۔۔
تعلق رکھتی ہے یہ قدیم تمل کے دراوڑی خاندان سے
بہنیں اِس کی ہیں جدید تمل، کنڑ، تیلگو ، اور کونکنی
لکھی گئی تمل براہمی اور پھر گرنتھا رسم الخط میں
آریوں کی آمد نے اِسے سنسکرت سے مالامال کر دیا
علوم سے، ثقافت سے اور الفاظ سے
اب ملیالم بن گئی کیرلا کی ریاستی زبان
۴
تمل ۔۔۔
ہے اس کی مماثلت بہت ملیالم سے
فعال کی شکلیں، جگہوں کے نام، عام الفاظ میں
بولی جاتی ہے تملناڈو سرحدوں پر جیسے
پالگھاٹ، اِڈکی ، مُنار، پیریمڈ، کملی، تروونتپرم میں
۵
کنڑ، تولو ، اور کونکنی۔۔۔
بولی جاتی ہیں کاسرگوڈ میں
جو کرناٹک سرحد کےہے قریب
۶
بیرونی ممالک سے خوب تجارت ہوتی تھی
کیرلا کی، ہزاروں سال سے پہلے بھی
کوچی اور کوڈنگلور کے بندرگاہوں پر سوداگر آتے تھے
عرب، مصری، یہودی، یونانی اور چینی
ان کی زبانیں بھی اس سرزمین پر گھل مل گئیں
۷
سریانی ۔۔۔
ہے یہ عیسیٰ مسیح کی زبان
ان کے شاگرد سنت تامس کی آمد سے
کیرلا میں عیسائیوں کی عبادت کی زباں بن گئی سریانی
اور کچھ تعلیمی اداروں میں اب پڑھائی بھی جاتی ہے
۸
عربی۔۔۔
صدیوں سے زمانے میں عرب تاجر بولتے تھے عربی
بعد میں قرآن کی زباں کے طور پر اہمیت ملی اِسے
۹
سریانی اور عربی زباں کا ملیالام پر تھا ایسا اثر
ان کے بہت سے الفاظ ہوئے شامل اِس میں
بعض علاقوں میں سریانی اور عربی رسم الخط میں بھی
کبھی ترمیم شدہ خط کا کاملیالم میں استعمال ہوا
۱۰
پرتگالی، ڈچ اور فرانسیسی ۔۔۔
سولہویں صدی میں یہ بھی پہنچے کیرلا میں
ان کی زبانوں کا بھی ہوا اثر کچھ کچھ
۱۱
انگریزی۔۔۔
انگریزوں کا ہوا جب راج ہندوستاں پر
پھیل گئی انگریزی بھی یہاں کی زمیں پر
اور پھر ہوئی مقبول اتنی کہ
عالمی اہمیت حاصل کر گئی
۱۲
اردو۔۔۔
پہلے آئی میسور بادشاہوں کے لشکر کےساتھ
پھر آزادی کی جد و جہد کے دوران
اردو ایک کُل ہند زبان بن گئی
کیرلا میں، خاص طور پر شمالی اضلاع کے
اسکولوں اور کالجوں میں پڑھائی جاتی ہے
مادری زبان ہے اردو کچھ لوگوں کی
کاسرگوڈ، کنور ، ترونتپرم جیسی جگہوں پر
۱۳
ہندی۔۔۔
ہندوستان کی سرکاری زبان بنی
اور اسکولوں میں پڑھائی گئی
۱۴
کیرلا کی لسانی تشکیل میں ہیں یہ سبھی مددگار
شاید ہی کسی اور ریاست کو ملی ہو یہ نعمت
جس کا ہے اثر ملیالم زباں اور ملیالیوں پر
یہ کہیں بھی رہیں، ہوتے ہیں ملنسار
دوسروں کی زبان سیکھتے ہیں بہت ہی جلد
اور حاصل کرتے ہیں پذیرائی خوب وہاں پر
लिसानी सक़ाफ़त-ए केरला – एलिज़बेत कुरियन मोना
१
तहज़ीब ओ सक़ाफ़त का गहवारा है ज़बान
भाई चारगी और मेल मिलाप का है वसीला
दिल-ओ-दिमाग़ को वुसअत बख़्श्ती है ज़बान
हिन्दोस्तान जैसे वफ़ाक़ी मुल्क में
जहां रियास्तें लिसानी बुनियाद पर बनी हैं
इत्तिहाद-ओ-इत्तिफ़ाक़ पैदा करने में
अहम किरदार अदा करती है ज़बान
२
कितनी ज़बानें गूँजती आईं केरला की फ़ज़ाओं में
माज़ी से हाल तक है उनकी तादाद बढी
रिश्ता गहरा होता है ज़बान और तारीख़ का
बढा असर है एक़्तेदार का अवाम की ज़बान पर
अहम किरदार अदा करती है जुग़राफ़िया भी
पढोसी ज़बानों से कुछ लेन-देन जो होते
और दूसरे मुल्कों से तिजारत जो होती
आईये जानते हैं, मलयालम ज़बान पर
उन सब का हुआ है कितना असर
३
मलयालम …..
ता’अल्लुक़ रखती है ये क़दीम तमिल के द्रावड़ी ख़ानदान से
बहनें इस की हैं जदीद तमिल, कन्नड़, तेलुगू , और कोंकणी
लिखी गई तमिल ब्राह्मी और फिर ग्रंथा रस्म-उल-ख़त में
आर्यों की आमद ने इसे संस्कृत से मालामाल कर दिया
उलूम से, सक़ाफ़त से और अल्फ़ाज़ से
अब मलयालम बन गई केरला की रियास्ती ज़बान
४
तमिल …..
है इस की मुमासिलत बहुत मलयालम से
फ़’आल की शक्लें, जगहों के नाम और आम अल्फ़ाज़ में
बोली जाती है तमिलनाडू सरहदों पर जैसे
पालघाट, इडुक्की , मुनार, पीरीमेड, कुमली और तिरूवंतपुरम में
५
कन्नड़, तुलू , और कोंकणी …..
बोली जाती हैं कासरगोड में
जो कर्नाटक सरहद के क़रीब है
६
बैरूनी मुमालिक से ख़ूब तिजारत होती थी
केरला की हज़ारों साल से पहले भी
कोची और कोडिंगलूर के बंदरगाहों पर सौदागर आते थे
अरब, मिस्री, यहूदी, यूनानी और चीनी
उनकी ज़बानें भी इस सरज़मीन पर घुल मिल गईं
७
सुरयानी …..
है ये ईसा मसीह की ज़बां
उनके शागिर्द सेंट थामस की आमद से
केरला में ईसाईयों की इबादत की ज़बां बन गई सुरयानी
और कुछ तालीमी इदारों में अब पढ़ाई भी जाती है
८
अरबी …..
सदियों से ज़माने में अरब ताजिर बोलते थे अरबी
बाद में क़ुरआन की ज़बां के तौर पर अहमियत मिली इसे
९
सुरयानी और अरबी ज़बां का मलयालम पर था ऐसा असर
उनके बहुत से अल्फ़ाज़ हुए शामिल इस में
बा’ज़ इलाक़ों में सुरयानी और अरबी रस्म-उल-ख़त में भी
तरमीम शुदा ख़त का मलयालम में इस्तिमाल हुआ कभी
१०
पुर्तगली, डच और फ़्रांसीसी ….
सोल्हवीं सदी में ये भी पहुंचे केरला में
उनकी ज़बानों का भी हुआ असर कुछ-कुछ
११
अंग्रेज़ी ….
अंग्रेज़ों का हुआ जब राज हिंदुस्तां पर
फैल गई अंग्रेज़ी भी यहां की ज़मीं पर
और फिर हुई मक़बूल इतनी कि
आलमी एहमीयत हासिल कर गई
१२
उर्दू ….
पहले आई मैसूर बादशाहों के लश्कर के साथ
फिर आज़ादी की जद-ओ-जहद के दौरान
उर्दू एक कुल हिंद ज़बान बन गई
केरला में, ख़ास तौर पर शुमाली अज़्ला के
स्कूलों और कॉलेजों में पढ़ाई जाती है
मादरी ज़बान है उर्दू कुछ लोगों की
कासरगोड, कन्नूर, तिरुवन्तपुरम जैसी जगहों पर
१३
हिन्दी।।
हिन्दोस्तान की सरकारी ज़बान बनी
और स्कूलों में पढ़ाई गई
१४
केरला की लिसानी तश्कील में हैं ये सभी मददगार
शायद ही किसी और रियासत को मिली हो ये नेमत
जिसका है असर मलयालम ज़बां और मलयालियों पर
ये कहीं भी रहें, होते हैं मिलनसार
दूसरों की ज़बान सीखते हैं बहुत ही जल्द
और हासिल करते हैं पज़ीराई ख़ूब वहां पर
Click here for background and on any passage for word meanings and explanatory discussion. Elizabeth Kurian ‘Mona’ (1949-living) is a poet in many languages – urdu, English, hindi, and her mother tongue malayalam, with published books in each. A true blue hyderabadi, she is a late comer to urdu, but apparently good at it as well as in love with it. She learnt urdu through a correspondence course offered by jaami’a-e millia islamia, dehli. She has written four urdu books of Ghazal/nazms. She took early retirement from a management position in Reserve Bank of India and now lives in her hometown, hyderabad and pursues her passion in poetry. This is a wonderful history of the linguistic culture of Kerala composed as an aazaad nazm.
1
tahzeeb-o-saqaafat1 ka gahvaara2 hai zabaan3
bhaai-chaaragii aur mel milaap ka hai vaseelaa4
dil-o-dimaaGh ko vus’at5 baKhshtii6 hai zabaan
hindostan jaise vafaaqi7 mulk meN
jahaaN riyaasateN8 lisaani9 buniyaad10 par bani haiN
ittehaad-o-ittefaaq11 paida karne meN
aham12 kirdaar13 adaa karti hai zabaan 1.culture and customes 2.cradle 3.language 4.means, resource 5.expanse 6.grants, bestows 7.federal 8.regions, states 9.linguistic 10.foundation 11.union and harmony 12.important 13.role
Language is the cradle of culture
It is a means of brotherhood and reconciliation
Language expands the heart and mind
In a federal country like India
Where states are formed on linguistic basis
In creating unity and agreement
Language plays an important role
2
kitni zubaneN gooNjti1 aayiiN Kerala ki fazaaoN2 meN
maazi3 se haal4 tak hai un kii t’adaad5 baRii
rishta6 gahra7 hota hai zabaan aur tareeKh8 ka
baRaa asar9 hai eqtedaar10 ka avaam11 ki zabaan par
aham12 kirdaar13 adaa karti hai joGhraafiya bhi
paRosi zabaanoN se kuch len-den jo hotay
aur doosre mulkoN se tijaarat14 jo hoti
aaiiye jaantay haiN, hai asar9 kitna un ka malayalam zubaaN par 1.echo, reverberate 2.atmosphere 3.past 4.present 5.number 6.relationship 7.deep 8.history 9.effect 10.power, authority 11.public 12.important 13.role 14.trade
How many languages echoed in the atmosphere of Kerala
Their number is large from past to present
The relationship between language and history is deep
Power has a great influence on the language of the people
Geography also plays an important role
Some dealings with neighboring languages too take place
And trade also is conducted with other countries
Let us see, how much influence all these factors
Have had on the Malayalam language
3
malayalam. . .
t’alluq1 rakhti hai yeh qadeem2 tamil ke draaviDi Khaandaan se
behneN is ki haiN jadeed3 tamil, kannada, telugu, aur konkani
likhi gayi tamil brahmi aur phir grantha rasm-ul-Khat4 meN
aaryoN ki aamad5 ne ise sanskrit se malaamaal kar diya
uloom6 se, saqaafat7 se aur alfaaz8 se
chalte chalte malayalam ban gayi kerala ki riyaasati9 zabaan 1.connection, relation 2.ancient 3.new, modern 4.way of writing, script 5.arrival 6.disciplines of knowledge 7.culture 8.words 9.regional, state
Malayalam …
It belongs to the Dravidian family of ancient Tamil
Its siblings are Modern Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Konkani
It was written in Tamil Brahmi and then in Grantha script
The arrival of the Aryans enriched it with Sanskrit
With science, with culture and with vocabulary
Malayalam is now the state language of Kerala
4
tamil. . .
hai is ki mamaaselat1 bohat Malayalam se
fa-aal2 ki shakleN3, jaghon4 ke naam, ‘aam5 alfaaz6 meN
boli jaati hai tamilnaaDu sarhadoN7 par
Idukki, palaghaT, munnar, peerimed, kumali, tiruvantapuram meN 1.similarity 2.action, verb 3.shape, form 4.places 5.common 6.words 7.border
Tamil.
It is very similar to Malayalam
In verb forms, names of places, common words
It is spoken on the borders of Tamil Nadu
In Palghat, Iddukiki, Munnar, Pirimid, Kumali, Thiruvananthapram
5
kannada, tulu, aur konkani. . .
boli jaati hain kaasargoR meN
jo karnaaTak sarhad1 ke hai qareeb2 1.border 2.near
Kannada, Tulu, and Konkani…
Are spoken in Kasaragod
which is near the Karnataka border
6
bairooni1 mumaalik2 se Khoob3 tijaarat4 hoti thi
kerala ki, hazaaroN saal se pehlay bhi
kochi aur koduNgalloor ke bandargaahoN par saudagar5 aatay the
arab, misri, yahudi, yunaani6 aur chiini
un ki zubaaneN bhi is sarzamiin7 par ghul mil gayiiN 1.outside, foreign 2.countries 3.much 4.trade 5.traders 6.Greek 7.homeland
There was considerable trade with foreign countries
In Kerala thousands of years ago
Merchants used to visit the ports of Kochi and Kodingalur
From Israel, Arabia, Egypt, Greece and China
Their languages also got mixed in this land
7
syriaani . . .
hai yeh iisa-maseeh1 ki zubaaN
un ke shaagird2 sant Tomas ki aamad3 se
kerala meN, iisaiyoN4 ki ibaadat5 ki zubaaN ban gayi syriaani
aur kuch taleemi6 idaaroN7 meN ab paRhaai bhi jaati hai 1.Jesus Messiah 2.follower 3.arrival 4.Christians 5.prayers 6.educational 7.institutions
Syriac…
This is the language of Jesus Christ
By the arrival of his disciple St. Thomas
Syriac became the language of Christian liturgy In Kerala,
And some educational institutions are now teaching it.
8
arabi. . .
sadiiyoN1 se zamaane2 meN arab taajir3 boltay the arabi
baad meN qur’aan ki zubaaN ke taur4 par ahmiyat5 mili isay 1.centuries 2.world 3.traders 4.means, ways 5.importance
Arabic…
Arab traders used to speak Arabic for centuries
Later it gained importance as the language of Quran
9
syriaani aur arabi zubaaN ka Malayalam par tha aisa asar1
unke bohat se alfaaz2 hue shaamil3 un meN
baaz4 ilaaqoN5 meN syriaani aur arabi rasm-ul-Khat6 meN bhi
tarmeem-shuda7 Khat8 ka Malayalam meN istemaal9 huaa kabhi 1.effect, impact 2.words 3.included, added 4.some 5.regions, areas 6.way of writing, script 7.modified 8.writing, script 9.use
Syriac and Arabic languages had such influence on Malayalam
Many words were added from them
In some areas sometimes Syriac and Arabic script
was also modified and used to write Malayalam
10
purtagaali, dutch, fraansiisi. . .
solhviiN sadi1 meN yeh bhi puhuNche2 yahaaN
un ki zabaanoN ka bhi huaa asar3 kuch kuch 1.century 2.reached 3.effect, impact
Portuguese, Dutch and French….
They also arrived here in the sixteenth century
Their languages also had some effect here
11
angrezi. . .
angrazoN kaa huaa jab raaj hindostaaN par
phail gayi angrezi bhi yahaaN ki zameeN par
aur phir hui maqbool1 itni
keh aalami2 ahmiyat3 haasil4 kar gayi 1.popular 2.world-wide 3.importance 4.obtained, gained
English…
When the British ruled India English also spread under them
And then it became so popular that it gained global importance
12
urdu. . .
pehlay aayi Mysore badshahoN ke lashkar1 ke saath
phir aazaadi2 ki jadd-o-jahd3 ke dauraan4
urdu ek kul-hind5 zabaan ban gayi
kerala meN, Khaas-taur6 par shumaali7 azlaa8 ke
skooloN aur kollejoN meN paRhaai jaati hai
maadri-zabaan9 hai urdu kuch logoN ki
kaasargod, kunvar, tiruvantapuram jaisi jaghoN par 1.army 2.freedom 3.struggle 4.during 5.all India 6.in a special way, especially 7.northern 8.regions, districts 9.mother tongue
Urdu…
First it came with the army of Mysore kings
Then during the freedom struggle
Urdu became an all-India language
In Kerala, especially the northern districts
It is taught in schools and colleges
Urdu is the mother tongue of some people
In places like Kasaragod, Kannur, Tiruvantaparam
13
hindi. . .
hindostan ki sarkaari1 zabaan bani
aur skooloN meN paRhaai gayi 1.governmental, official
Hindi…
It became the official language of India
And is being taught in schools
14
kerala ke lisaani1 tashkeel2 meN haiN yeh sabhi madadgaar3
shaa’ed4 hi kisi aur riyaasat5 ko mili ho yeh ne’mat6
jis ka hai asar7 malayalam zubaaN aur malayaliyoN par
yeh kahiN bhi raheN, hote haiN voh milansaar8
muqaami9 zabaan seekhte haiN bohat hi jald10
aur haasil11 karte haiN pazeeraii12 Khoob vahaaN par 1.linguistic 2.building, formation 3.helpful 4.perhaps 5.region, state 6.blessing 7.effect 8.gregarious, friendly 9.local 10.quickly 11.obtain, gain 12.welcome
All these languages have helped in the linguistic formation of Kerala
Hardly any other state has got this blessing
Which has an impact on the Malayalam language and the Malayalees
Wherever they stay, they are friendly
They learn others’ language very quickly
And receive acceptance everywhere
Elizabeth Kurian ‘Mona’ (1949-living) is a poet in many languages – urdu, English, hindi, and her mother tongue malayalam, with published books in each. A true blue hyderabadi, she is a late comer to urdu, but apparently good at it as well as in love with it. She learnt urdu through a correspondence course offered by jaami’a-e millia islamia, dehli. She has written four urdu books of Ghazal/nazms. She took early retirement from a management position in Reserve Bank of India and now lives in her hometown, hyderabad and pursues her passion in poetry. This is a wonderful history of the linguistic culture of Kerala composed as an aazaad nazm.
1
tahzeeb-o-saqaafat1 ka gahvaara2 hai zabaan3
bhaai-chaaragii aur mel milaap ka hai vaseelaa4
dil-o-dimaaGh ko vus’at5 baKhshtii6 hai zabaan
hindostan jaise vafaaqi7 mulk meN
jahaaN riyaasateN8 lisaani9 buniyaad10 par bani haiN
ittehaad-o-ittefaaq11 paida karne meN
aham12 kirdaar13 adaa karti hai zabaan
1.culture and customes 2.cradle 3.language 4.means, resource 5.expanse 6.grants, bestows 7.federal 8.regions, states 9.linguistic 10.foundation 11.union and harmony 12.important 13.role
Language is the cradle of culture
It is a means of brotherhood and reconciliation
Language expands the heart and mind
In a federal country like India
Where states are formed on linguistic basis
In creating unity and agreement
Language plays an important role
2
kitni zubaneN gooNjti1 aayiiN Kerala ki fazaaoN2 meN
maazi3 se haal4 tak hai un kii t’adaad5 baRii
rishta6 gahra7 hota hai zabaan aur tareeKh8 ka
baRaa asar9 hai eqtedaar10 ka avaam11 ki zabaan par
aham12 kirdaar13 adaa karti hai joGhraafiya bhi
paRosi zabaanoN se kuch len-den jo hotay
aur doosre mulkoN se tijaarat14 jo hoti
aaiiye jaantay haiN, hai asar9 kitna un ka malayalam zubaaN par
1.echo, reverberate 2.atmosphere 3.past 4.present 5.number 6.relationship 7.deep 8.history 9.effect 10.power, authority 11.public 12.important 13.role 14.trade
How many languages echoed in the atmosphere of Kerala
Their number is large from past to present
The relationship between language and history is deep
Power has a great influence on the language of the people
Geography also plays an important role
Some dealings with neighboring languages too take place
And trade also is conducted with other countries
Let us see, how much influence all these factors
Have had on the Malayalam language
3
malayalam. . .
t’alluq1 rakhti hai yeh qadeem2 tamil ke draaviDi Khaandaan se
behneN is ki haiN jadeed3 tamil, kannada, telugu, aur konkani
likhi gayi tamil brahmi aur phir grantha rasm-ul-Khat4 meN
aaryoN ki aamad5 ne ise sanskrit se malaamaal kar diya
uloom6 se, saqaafat7 se aur alfaaz8 se
chalte chalte malayalam ban gayi kerala ki riyaasati9 zabaan
1.connection, relation 2.ancient 3.new, modern 4.way of writing, script 5.arrival 6.disciplines of knowledge 7.culture 8.words 9.regional, state
Malayalam …
It belongs to the Dravidian family of ancient Tamil
Its siblings are Modern Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Konkani
It was written in Tamil Brahmi and then in Grantha script
The arrival of the Aryans enriched it with Sanskrit
With science, with culture and with vocabulary
Malayalam is now the state language of Kerala
4
tamil. . .
hai is ki mamaaselat1 bohat Malayalam se
fa-aal2 ki shakleN3, jaghon4 ke naam, ‘aam5 alfaaz6 meN
boli jaati hai tamilnaaDu sarhadoN7 par
Idukki, palaghaT, munnar, peerimed, kumali, tiruvantapuram meN
1.similarity 2.action, verb 3.shape, form 4.places 5.common 6.words 7.border
Tamil.
It is very similar to Malayalam
In verb forms, names of places, common words
It is spoken on the borders of Tamil Nadu
In Palghat, Iddukiki, Munnar, Pirimid, Kumali, Thiruvananthapram
5
kannada, tulu, aur konkani. . .
boli jaati hain kaasargoR meN
jo karnaaTak sarhad1 ke hai qareeb2
1.border 2.near
Kannada, Tulu, and Konkani…
Are spoken in Kasaragod
which is near the Karnataka border
6
bairooni1 mumaalik2 se Khoob3 tijaarat4 hoti thi
kerala ki, hazaaroN saal se pehlay bhi
kochi aur koduNgalloor ke bandargaahoN par saudagar5 aatay the
arab, misri, yahudi, yunaani6 aur chiini
un ki zubaaneN bhi is sarzamiin7 par ghul mil gayiiN
1.outside, foreign 2.countries 3.much 4.trade 5.traders 6.Greek 7.homeland
There was considerable trade with foreign countries
In Kerala thousands of years ago
Merchants used to visit the ports of Kochi and Kodingalur
From Israel, Arabia, Egypt, Greece and China
Their languages also got mixed in this land
7
syriaani . . .
hai yeh iisa-maseeh1 ki zubaaN
un ke shaagird2 sant Tomas ki aamad3 se
kerala meN, iisaiyoN4 ki ibaadat5 ki zubaaN ban gayi syriaani
aur kuch taleemi6 idaaroN7 meN ab paRhaai bhi jaati hai
1.Jesus Messiah 2.follower 3.arrival 4.Christians 5.prayers 6.educational 7.institutions
Syriac…
This is the language of Jesus Christ
By the arrival of his disciple St. Thomas
Syriac became the language of Christian liturgy In Kerala,
And some educational institutions are now teaching it.
8
arabi. . .
sadiiyoN1 se zamaane2 meN arab taajir3 boltay the arabi
baad meN qur’aan ki zubaaN ke taur4 par ahmiyat5 mili isay
1.centuries 2.world 3.traders 4.means, ways 5.importance
Arabic…
Arab traders used to speak Arabic for centuries
Later it gained importance as the language of Quran
9
syriaani aur arabi zubaaN ka Malayalam par tha aisa asar1
unke bohat se alfaaz2 hue shaamil3 un meN
baaz4 ilaaqoN5 meN syriaani aur arabi rasm-ul-Khat6 meN bhi
tarmeem-shuda7 Khat8 ka Malayalam meN istemaal9 huaa kabhi
1.effect, impact 2.words 3.included, added 4.some 5.regions, areas 6.way of writing, script 7.modified 8.writing, script 9.use
Syriac and Arabic languages had such influence on Malayalam
Many words were added from them
In some areas sometimes Syriac and Arabic script
was also modified and used to write Malayalam
10
purtagaali, dutch, fraansiisi. . .
solhviiN sadi1 meN yeh bhi puhuNche2 yahaaN
un ki zabaanoN ka bhi huaa asar3 kuch kuch
1.century 2.reached 3.effect, impact
Portuguese, Dutch and French….
They also arrived here in the sixteenth century
Their languages also had some effect here
11
angrezi. . .
angrazoN kaa huaa jab raaj hindostaaN par
phail gayi angrezi bhi yahaaN ki zameeN par
aur phir hui maqbool1 itni
keh aalami2 ahmiyat3 haasil4 kar gayi
1.popular 2.world-wide 3.importance 4.obtained, gained
English…
When the British ruled India English also spread under them
And then it became so popular that it gained global importance
12
urdu. . .
pehlay aayi Mysore badshahoN ke lashkar1 ke saath
phir aazaadi2 ki jadd-o-jahd3 ke dauraan4
urdu ek kul-hind5 zabaan ban gayi
kerala meN, Khaas-taur6 par shumaali7 azlaa8 ke
skooloN aur kollejoN meN paRhaai jaati hai
maadri-zabaan9 hai urdu kuch logoN ki
kaasargod, kunvar, tiruvantapuram jaisi jaghoN par
1.army 2.freedom 3.struggle 4.during 5.all India 6.in a special way, especially 7.northern 8.regions, districts 9.mother tongue
Urdu…
First it came with the army of Mysore kings
Then during the freedom struggle
Urdu became an all-India language
In Kerala, especially the northern districts
It is taught in schools and colleges
Urdu is the mother tongue of some people
In places like Kasaragod, Kannur, Tiruvantaparam
13
hindi. . .
hindostan ki sarkaari1 zabaan bani
aur skooloN meN paRhaai gayi
1.governmental, official
Hindi…
It became the official language of India
And is being taught in schools
14
kerala ke lisaani1 tashkeel2 meN haiN yeh sabhi madadgaar3
shaa’ed4 hi kisi aur riyaasat5 ko mili ho yeh ne’mat6
jis ka hai asar7 malayalam zubaaN aur malayaliyoN par
yeh kahiN bhi raheN, hote haiN voh milansaar8
muqaami9 zabaan seekhte haiN bohat hi jald10
aur haasil11 karte haiN pazeeraii12 Khoob vahaaN par
1.linguistic 2.building, formation 3.helpful 4.perhaps 5.region, state 6.blessing 7.effect 8.gregarious, friendly 9.local 10.quickly 11.obtain, gain 12.welcome
All these languages have helped in the linguistic formation of Kerala
Hardly any other state has got this blessing
Which has an impact on the Malayalam language and the Malayalees
Wherever they stay, they are friendly
They learn others’ language very quickly
And receive acceptance everywhere
